The types of board diversity and its impact on board performance Essay

The types of board diversity and its impact on board performance - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of diversity as the difference between things or people, the variety of assortment that makes us unique. Every person has unique skills, characteristics, and challenges that contribute much in the board performance. Despite that, the body structure is the same; physical characteristics differ making people have a greater deal of diversity. Diversity has the composition of age, gender, race, and ethnicity, education, physical appearance, political persuasion among others. It is the examination of these differences in a safe, affirmative, and fostering environment. Age diversity- workforce increasingly varied in age demographics, creating proficient environment loaded with experience and maturity as well as youthful enthusiasm. Companies that employ more workers in wide ranges of age have an advantage of creating a dynamic workforce with a diverse range of skills beneficial to the company. Gender diversity- it is an Umbrella term used by Aus tralians to swap transgender in a more comprehensive fashion. It is the skill of sex or gender identity beyond the biological and dual philosophy of male and female. It celebrates the diversity in gender identities rather than some categories of people. Gender composition in a workplace has its own advantages and disadvantages in the workforce. Most of the top boards in Australian do not have women. The following graph shows the percentage of women in 48 boards, in ASX 200 files. Available from: http://www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Governance-and-Director-Issues/Board-Diversity/~/media/Resources/Director%20Resource%20Centre/Governance%20and%20director%20issues/Board%20diversity/Board%20Diversity%20images/Graph%20images/Percentageofwomen_19April.ashx?w=360&h=275&as=1 [accessed on May 03 2013] Race diversity- a race is a population distinguished from other populations within a species by hereditarily transmitted physical characteristics. It has a unique and distinct ensemble of genes and remains identified by this genetic ensemble. Members of the same race share distinguished genetic characteristics because they share the same ancestry. This also depends on language distribution. The following graph show race or ethnic diversity from a county make up. Available from: Http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl [accessed on May 06 2013] Culture diversity- this is about the ethnic groups, nationalities, lifestyles, and the educational level. Two people may appear similar on the outside but have different cultures, values, view points, and work styles. It is equally valuable for a business to acknowledge multiple cultures that exist within the work place. Mangers work in hand with the employees to ensure that their cultures remain respected. The following graph shows women cultural diversity on trusteeship in 1931. Available from: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl [accessed on May 06 2013] Religion diversity- people continue to express a high level of religion involvement that is highly significant and productive in both the work force and our daily lives. In the recent, religious discrimination, remain practiced highly in the workforce. This diversity contributes much in the performance of a company. Catholics and Christians have the highest percentage in Australia while others like Anglican, uniting church, Presbyterian and reformed among others follow. The following gr

Social Contract Theory of John Locke Essay Example for Free

Social Contract Theory of John Locke Essay Abstract John Locke’s theory of the Social Contract is †merely a reasoned description of sound government but also a history of government from the earliest scatterings of humans, through their association in a social contract, to their rebellion when the terms of that contract are breached. † 1 This theory gives us the reason behind the idea that government only works if the people want to be governed. Any individual in this instance has the expectation that they and what they do are only limited by their own will. So under the social contract theory, the individual gives up some of its right in order to reap the benefits of what a social order can offer. Introduction Locke’s Theory says that before a society is formed men live â€Å"free† in a state of nature. In this society, although there are great things about living free in such a society, it carries the risk of having problems about all kinds of things and without a civil law authority; man was the arbiter of all. Locke’s theory brings to mind the old west. In little town with no law officer, the people or community carried out its own brand of justice. A man protected his home and family by any means necessary. The social contract theory gives them that right. Criminological Theory The theory has basis in today’s criminal justice system in that there are segments of society that believe that the law doesn’t apply to them nor does it protect them. For example, the perception is that the amount of crime in the inner city is rampant. It is widely reported on the news every night. There are always stories on these neighborhoods if and only if it is sensational and /or involves a Caucasian citizen. This argument bears out when newspapers print banner headlines about Caucasian children being missing or kidnapped and the nation is on the lookout for this child. Then, when an African American child goes missing, the first thing we hear about is that a pedophile was seen with him or his parents were drug dealers or someone in his family was convicted of a crime. The residents of the inner city have then learned that there is one set of laws for minorities or residents of the inner city and one set for those in the suburbs. In some instances they believe that there is no need for you to report some things to law enforcement because some how it will be the residents fault. The social contract theory is alive and well in the inner city. In Bill Lawson’s paper â€Å"Crime, Minorities, and the social contract â€Å" he posits that if the citizens of a particular neighborhood or group believe that government hasn’t done their job by adequately protecting them from crime and they take matters into their own hands according to Locke they are well within their rights. This comes from the idea that â€Å"One of the most important benefits of the state provides that of protection. This protection can be from either from outside invaders or unsavory characters within the state, that is, those individuals who want to infringe on property right by stealing, defrauding, or destroying property. †2 In the inner city, this seems more prevalent so if the citizens of that area believe that they are under served they tend to look to other means to protect themselves. Conclusion There are areas in the inner city that don’t expect the police to show up when something happens and when they do show up the people don’t expect them to do much. That expectation brings the social contract back into focus. For so long they believed that the government was protecting them, then after a while they came to believe that they had to protect themselves thereby enforcing the social contract with themselves and not the government.

Characterization in The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea and Won

Characterization in The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea and Wonderful Fool      Ã‚  Ã‚   The literary technique of characterization is often used to create and delineate a human character in a work of literature. When forming a character, writers can use many different methods of characterization. However, there is one method of characterization that speaks volumes about the character and requires no more than a single word - the character's personal name. In many cases, a personal name describes the character by associating him with a certain type of people or with a well known historical figure. Therefore, since the reader learns the character's name first, a personal name is a primary method of characterization; it creates an image in the reader's mind that corresponds with the name of the character. Once this image has been created, all subsequent actions and beliefs of the character are somehow in accordance with this image; otherwise, the character does not seem logical and the reader is not be able to relate to the work. In the novels The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea, by Yukio Mishima, and Wonderful Fool, by Shusako Endo, each author gives one of his characters a personal name that guides the character's actions and beliefs.    Noboru, the name assigned to a 13 year old child in Mishima's novel The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea means little boy in Japanese (Honda). By naming this major character Noboru, Mishima has characterized him as nothing more than a little boy. Consequently, Noboru's actions and beliefs are typical of the actions and beliefs of a small child.    Noboru's actions are the first to show the effects of his name. When Noboru discovers a peephol... ... be translated from Japanese to English. Due to cultural barriers, those who read the translated versions of the novels fail to see the importance of names like Noboru and Tomoe, and the impact that these names have on the rest of the work. Consequently, some of the literary value of the novels is lost in the translation. By using personal names as primary sources of characterization, Endo and Mishima offer a concluding suggestion that, whenever possible, it is best to read works of literature in the language in which they were originally written.    WORKS CITED †¢ Endo, Shusako. Wonderful Fool. Trans. Francis Mathy. Chester Springs: Peter Owen Publishers, 1995. †¢ Honda, Yoriko. Telephone Interview. 23 January 1997. †¢ Mishima, Yukio. The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea. Trans. John Nathan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1965.   

Literature on Recruitment Essay

1.Ours and Ridder (1992) introduced a novel method to test the hypothesis that firms search sequentially based (in which applicants are screened as they show up) on the relationship between the number of (rejected) job applicants and the number of employees hired. The author used data compiled from filled vacancies for the Netherlands. Different types of search methods were distinguished. The results implied that when firms use advertising, private or 76 public employment agencies, which together cover about 45 per cent of filled vacancies, sequential search is rejected. For about 55 per cent of filled vacancies however, sequential search cannot be rejected. In line with theoretical considerations, when firms use search methods that rely on social networks, sequential search cannot be rejected. 2. Gorter, Nijkamp, and Rietveld, (1993) surveyed the Dutch labor market for recruitment channels and its impact on the vacancy duration. The authors found that labor market segmentation plays an important role in the choice of the recruitment channels; in particular, advertising appears to maximize the difference between expected costs and expected benefits when the vacancy concerned belongs to the primary segment of the labor market, while when it belongs to the secondary segment the preferred recruitment channel seems to be the labor exchange office. By using a piece-wise constant hazard rate, they argued that from the analysis of the time pattern of the hazard rate one may conclude that when advertising is used employers search non-sequentially, while if the informal channel is used employers tend to search sequentially. 3. While Gorter and Ommeren (1994) pushed the analysis one step further. The authors concluded that two main recruitment strategies can be identified: a sequential use of search channels, in which the first search channel chosen is usually the informal channel, and additional search channels are activated one after the other; and an â€Å"adding to the pool† strategy in which the first search channel chosen is basically advertisement and later one or more search channels are activated in order to enrich the pool of available applicants. 4. Redman and Mathews (1995) used eleven hundred cases to examine the effectiveness of recruitment advertisements. Findings showed that, in 1980s there was an increase in public sector recruitment advertising (from 20.8 per cent to 37.8 per cent) and a corresponding decrease in private sector (from 79.2 per cent to 62.2 per cent) over the decade. At the same time the authors mentioned two main problems of recruitment advertisement designers. First, with the supply in labour market in 1993, there was a need for limited and selective response from those readily available skills in order to minimise time and cost consumed by screening, short-listing and selection. Second, despite the general over supply of the labour market, skill shortages remained a problem in number of areas. 5. Mencken & Winfield (1998) had explored the advantages and disadvantages of informal and formal recruiting practices in external labour markets. The data was analysed from 1981 Metropolitan Employer-Worker Survey (MEWS). Based on random-digit-dial telephone survey of 2,713 adults, the authors had constructed seven dichotomous dependent variables. The author found that cost made employment agencies less attractive to hiring managers for whom quality rather than volume was the primary concern. 6. Carroll, Marchington, Earnshaw and Taylor (1999) in their study on recruitment in small firms, aimed to find out how practices in small firms compare with the perspective â€Å"textbook† procedures; whether those were seen by small firms as appropriate to their needs; the recruitment problems small firms faced, and what strategies they had adopted to overcome them. 7. Kinder (2000) examined a new model for decomposing e-commerce. The paper suggested that use of the Internet in recruitment processes is likely to change the interface between internal and external labor markets for many firms. The paper predicted that the conceptions behind current research programs in labor market theory may require rethinking in the Internet era. 8. Weiss and Barbeite (2001) focused on reactions to Internet-based job sites. To this end, they developed a web-based survey that addressed the importance of job site features, privacy issues, and demographics. They found that the Internet was clearly preferred as a source of finding jobs. In particular, respondents liked job sites that had few features and required little personal information. Yet, older workers and women felt less comfortable disclosing personal information at job sites. Men and women did not differ in terms of preference for web site features, but women were less comfortable providing information online. 9. A study by Lockyer and Scholarios (2004) on selecting hotel staff, considered the nature of â€Å"best practice† for recruitment and selection. Data from Scottish hotels indicated a reliance on 79 informal methods, particularly in smaller hotels. In larger and chain hotels, structured procedures, including references, application forms and panel interviews, were evident, but, these methods were inadequate for dealing with recruitment and quality problems. 10. A research carried by Henkens, Remery and Schippers (2005) on recruiting personnel in a tight labour market aimed to analyse the instruments employers used to contact with potential workers and to find out, to what extent employers rely on traditional means like advertisement in the news paper or do they behave more actively using world wide web, visiting job fares etc. 11. A study conducted by Rafaeli, Hadomi, and Simons (2005) involved a plant located in Israel and focused on three recruitment methods: employee referrals, geographically focused ads (i.e., the local newspaper), and geographically unfocused ads (i.e., a national newspaper). They found that referrals generated more applicants, more hires, and a higher yield ratio (hires/applicants) than geographically focused ads which, in turn, outperformed unfocused ads on these three criteria. 12. A study conducted by Chand and Katou (2007) on the impact of HRM practices on organizational performance in the Indian hotel industry, investigated the affect of HRM systems on organizational performance in the hotel industry in India. A total of 439 hotels, ranging from three-star to five-star deluxe, responded to a self-administered questionnaire that measure 27 HRM practices. Factor analysis was performed to identify HRM systems, and correlation analysis was used to test the relation between HRM systems and organizational performance. The results indicated that hotel performance is positively related to HRM 80 systems of recruitment and selection, manpower planning, job designs, training and development, quality circles, and pay systems. 13. Breaugh (2008) had discussed employee recruitment and its important areas for future research, where he had reviewed research on recruitment topics that have received considerable attention (e.g., recruitment methods, realistic job previews). He had also addressed topics (e.g., targeted recruitment, the site visit) that have received relatively little attention but that have the potential to be quite important. The author suggested that, before making decisions concerning recruitment issues as what recruitment methods to use, an organization should thoughtfully establish its recruitment objectives.

6 Networking Tips for Teachers in a Tough Job Market

6 Networking Tips for Teachers in a Tough Job Market The job market is a pretty brutal place for new teachers these days. There are a ton of teaching grads out there and not a lot of jobs. You might get lucky and get a job from placement, but if you don’t, you’ll be out there on the hunt. What you may not have realized is just how important networking will end up being for your job search process. You probably don’t even feel as though you have much of a network to network with at this point! But here are a few tips and strategies for making the best of where you are, and building up a network that will not only help you get  hired but will keep your early career afloat.1. Apply to places you really want to work.No one will pluck your file out of the pile if it looks like you’re applying there just as you would anywhere, with no special interest in the gig. Start early and show up at schools for visits. Ask for information. The good ones will reward your interest and be impressed by your initiative.2. Join a union.Teachers’ unions are your friends. Join up. Go to the meetings. Attend conferences. You’ll meet tons of educators this way and some of them will even be in a position to hire you, once they have you on their radar. The American Federation of  Teachers (AFT) is free for student teachers to join, so you have no excuse. Get in there and start asking your elders for advice!3. Seek out like-minded groups of professionals.Join teacher groups or meet-ups. Stay in touch with former colleagues- plus professors and counselors you’ve worked with in the course of your educational career. Get business cards and make sure you’re giving yours out too. Network your little teacher bottom off and eventually, something good will come of it; the more connections you have, the better off you’ll be.There are even plenty of online forums for you to check-out if your time or geographical location is limited. And while you’re at it, go to education-relate d community events to meet your fellow teaching geeks.4. Volunteer to get noticed.Volunteer at a school you want to work for, whether in athletics or just doing grunt work for your Associate Teacher. This shows your dedication and interest. Just be sure to commit to your commitment- flaking out will never get you hired. Volunteering is also a great way for you to explore areas of education to which you might not have otherwise been exposed. Who knows, maybe you’ll find an area to pursue that you might not previously have considered.5. Consider relief teaching.A lot of new teachers say they built up a reputation by doing relief teaching. It never hurts to get out there and pinch hit- particularly when you can be a hero. Get yourself on the rosters of several schools and keep on networking. This is especially great if fall rolls around and you still don’t have a permanent gig.6. Keep an open mind.Remember, you don’t know where your next job will come from. It can often come from the least expected corner of your network. Never turn down a connection because you can’t see how a job could come of it. Embrace everyone and keep your mind open and your resume ready to circulate and you’ll do fine.

Controversial View On G Washington

Controversial View On G Washington George Washington: Not the best man George Washington was born in 1732 into a planter family in Virginia. During the Revolutionary War, he was a great general, and led his troops to many key victories. He helped America gain its freedom, and was very well known and well liked among the entire nation. Being such a patriotic man, Washington accepted his role as the nation's first president in 1789. He was a very popular man when he became president, but he did not have many qualifications for president, besides the fact that he was a great general in the Revolutionary War and had good leadership skills. However, this did not make him a very good candidate for our nation's first president. Washington died of a throat infection on December 14, 1799.Although Washington was a great general and a patriotic man, this does not mean that he was a good candidate for president.English: The Federalist Party LogoHe was only elected as the first president because he was so popular as a war hero, ev eryone in the entire nation knew who he was, and they all liked him as of that point in his life. He did not have any real qualifications for president besides the fact that he had good leadership skills, which were developed during his time as a general during the war. George Washington is to this day one of the most popular presidents in American history, but he was not a very good president, and is only so well known as president because he was the first.If he were the second or third or so on president, he would not be nearly as well known for being such a "great" president and better known as a great general in the Revolutionary War who helped lead America to freedom.

ESL Nonreversible Word Pairs or Examples

ESL Nonreversible Word Pairs or Examples Certain words go together like bread and water. Bread and water is an example of a word pair that is always used in that order. In other words, we dont say water and bread. This type of word pair is called nonreversible. In many ways, they are like collocations - words that usually go together. Students can use this list with examples to learn the most common nonreversible word pairs. Teachers can use this resource in class to help students learn these set phrases. Once you are comfortable with these phrases, continue learning set phrases and collocations. Teachers can explore using set phrases in teaching techniques with the lexical approach. Adam and Eve Walking through this beautiful park makes it seem like we are Adam and Eve.Adam and Eve enjoyed a guilt free life before the big mistake that started it all. Bacon and Eggs I love having bacon and eggs for breakfast.Would you like bacon and eggs this morning? Back and Forth We went back and forth on whether to buy the house or not.The messages went back and forth until a decision was made. Bread and Water Its very hard, but not impossible, to live on bread and water.Many movies show prisoners who only receive bread and water. Bride and Groom The bride and groom are very happy today!Look at the lovely bride and handsome groom. Business and Pleasure Many people say that its not a good idea to mix business and pleasure.Have you ever gone a holiday that mixed business and pleasure? Cause and Effect Cause and effect are not always clear.There are certain linking words which show cause and effect. Cream and Sugar I take cream and sugar in my coffee.Would you like cream and sugar in your tea? Crime and Punishment We have been discussing crime and punishment in English class this month.Crime and Punishment is a famous novel by Dostoyevsky. Cup and Saucer Could you pass me the cup and saucer?Lets have some tea. Could you set the table with cups and saucers? Dead or Alive The criminal is wanted dead or alive.The days of the wild west were famous for notices looking for criminals dead or alive. Dish and Chips I had some fish and chips for dinner yesterday.One of the most famous dishes in England is fish and chips. Fun and Games Life is not all fun and games.Did you think school would be all fun and games? Hammer and Nail Use a hammer and nail to put those two boards together.Grab a hammer and nails and help me with this project. Husband and Wife The husband and wife appeared to be on vacation.Did you see the husband and wife staying in room 203? In and Out I have to go to work. Ill be in and out in a flash.Lets go in and out of the store. Knife and Fork Could you put the knives and forks on the table?I need another knife and fork. Ladies and Gentlemen Ladies and gentlemen, its my pleasure to welcome you tonight.Ladies and gentlemen, Id like to introduce you to Bill Hampton. Law and Order Most people desire law and order in their community.Law and order is one of the prime responsibilities of government. Life or Death Many people seem to go about work as if it were a matter of life or death.I feel like this is a life or death situation. Lock and Key Some parents try to keep their teenagers under lock and key.Our jewelry is kept under lock and key. Lost and Found Look for your coat in the lost and found.Where is the lost and found department? Name and Address Please provide your name and address on this form.Could I have your name and address, please? Pen and Pencil Bring pen and pencil to class on Monday.I always make sure I have pen and pencil by the telephone. Pots and Pans I spent three hours washing the pots and pans.We keep our pots and pans in that cupboard. Profit and Loss The profit and loss report will be out on Friday.Could you go over the profit and loss figures for last quarter? Rain or Shine Ill make sure to come rain or shine.Were having a picnic on Saturday - rain or shine. Read and Write Reading and writing are the two most important skills for this course.How old were you when you learned to read and write? Right and / orWrong Can you tell the difference between right and wrong?He doesnt care if it is right or wrong. Rise and Fall The rise and fall of Rome is fascinating.Some people feel that the rise and fall of this country is already behind us. Salt and Pepper Could you pass the salt and pepper?I like salt and pepper on my eggs. Shirt and Tie Be sure to wear a shirt and tie to the interview.Do I need to wear a shirt and tie? Shoes and Socks You cant get into this restaurant without shoes and socks.Put on your shoes and socks and lets go. Soap and Water Wash your hands with soap and water.Youll find soap and water in the bathroom. Sooner or Later Sooner or later well all know the truth.Ill do it sooner or later. Suit and Tie I wore a suit and tie to the party.Thats a nice suit and tie! Supply and Demand The market system runs on supply and demand.The laws of supply and demand decide a products success or failure. Sweet and Sour I love sweet and sour chicken.Would you like sweet and sour Chinese food tonight? Trial and Error Children learn through trial and error.Most business success occurs through trial and error. Up and / orDown Id like you to vote this procedure up or down?Should we go up or down the stairs? War and Peace Life can be difficult in times of war and peace.War and Peace was written by Tolstoy. Wine and Cheese Lets have some wine and cheese this afternoon.They had wine and cheese at the party.

Gender equality in news media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender equality in news media - Research Paper Example In the 21st century, this should not be given as an excuse to deny women the same important task handed to their male counterparts. According to Nitz et al (2007), the numbers of global activities that are very important have rapidly increased. The news cycle on most television continues to be politically heavy. In the theory, this could give women an opportunity also to work on the hard news stories since there is more to report. The paper was aimed to determine whether, with so many big stories to report, women are still being pushed to traditionally feminine, human-interest stories. Has the busy political field given them the opportunity to match their male counterpart in reporting hard news? The purpose of the research is to illustrate the major roles regarding news and media. The paper will inform the reader how the gender influences the news broadcasting and how this affects the public as well. The paper argument is that the task covered by male reporters differs from these covered by their female counterparts. In particular, the thesis argues that the male journalist covers hard stories while their female counterparts cover simple stories. The thesis also focuses on the disparities in dressing between the female and male counterpart reporters and its effect. Majority of the studies showed that women are considered less capable of relay in information than men are. This could be seen as background of considering that today more woman consume the news than men. The consumption of mass media continually this personal view. This could lead to the assumption that society will reinforce women with a lower public status than men as few women journalist are shown in the news coverage. Women have made tremendous achievements in breaking into the news business. Study show that fifty percent of the journalists are women. However, women face professional

Email and Privacy and how Cyber Law Protects User Rights Research Paper

Email and Privacy and how Cyber Law Protects User Rights - Research Paper Example After the discovery of the internet, electronic communication has rapidly evolved and hence the internet has grown to a complete unregulated and an unplanned phenomenon. The inventors of the internet and the World Wide Web never anticipated that it could lead to extreme undesirable consequences (Bazelon, 2001). The growth rate of the internet has been expanding at an alarming rate where recent studies indicate that the population of internet users is doubling after every three months due to the emergence of social sites as well as development of e-commerce. Many people are turning to electronic means of communication being offered by the internet, especially e-mails which can pass, store, and retrieve information from a database provide by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). However, as the internet becomes more useful day after day, it has been blamed on various sandals of money laundering, moral decay, as well as several legal issues related to privacy and hence the emergence of cy ber laws which contain all the regulatory and legal aspects of the world wide web and the internet(Bazelon, 2001). The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution deals with the issues concerning searches and seizures which may in one way or the other compromise an individual’s privacy and one case that involved such a violation was United States v. Warshak (Trout, 2010). Warshak was enjoying the reasonable expectation of privacy of his e-mails from his Internet Service Provider, Nu Vox until government agents compromised his rights by ordering the ISP to preserve and issue his emails without first obtaining a warrant which was to be based on probable cause, thus in accordance to the Fourth Amendment, the government agents had violated the privacy rights of Warshak. However, the agents depended on good faith with reference to the Stored Communications Act even though this exclusionary rule was not applicable in such a case (Trout, 2010). In another case involving United States v. Bynum, Mr. Bynum gave his information with the expectation that ISP would protect the privacy of his int ernet and phone subscriber information. However the internet service provider violated the Fourth Amendments by releasing personal information of Mr. Bynum to the FBI without them first obtaining subpoenas (Schwartz, 2009). Another similar case involved the U.S v. Councilman, in this particular scenario Councilman retained his client’s personal information especially his competitors through Wiretap in violation of the Wiretap Act. The interception and seizure without consent of his customers was contravention of the Fourth Amendment. Thus there was an urgent need to amend the Wiretap Act to have a broad definition of the word â€Å"intercept† to include electronic communication temporary in transit because the previous definition only encompassed the e-mails on electronic storage in computers. Congress amended the definition on 22nd July 2004 (Bazelon, 2001). Discussion During the case of United States v. Bynum, 08-4207, the court failed to accept the argument from the defendant that the use of subpoenas by the government in an effort to get subscribers information from his ISP was a violation of the Fourth Amendment rights of privacy (Trout, 2010). The court ruled that there was lack of evidence that â€Å"†¦the defendant had a subjective expectation of privacy in his internet and phone subscriber information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Later he voluntarily accepted that he had freely given his personal data to his ISP and phone company and as a consequence, he had assumed the risk that theses companies could reveal his information to the authorities without his jurisdiction (Trout, 2010). Additionally, the court noted that Bynum was capable of demonstrating a subjective expectation of privacy with regard to this information, and then the information was subject to reasonableness test.

Marketing in Travel and tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing in Travel and tourism - Essay Example Economic challenges also hot the company given the rate of inflation as realized in the different countries, there are also social factors that relating to population and distribution of age that also determines success of the business. In the contemporary society, technology is a very important tool in business, the company is bound to automate most of their operations to reduce overhead cost of the company incurs. There are also legal challenges that face the company since the company in other countries faces discriminative laws that give preference to the local companies. There are also environmental challenges that the company faces particularly the fact they operates airline, this includes weather and climate. Travel and Tourism Motivation Various studies have dealt with tourist motivations and market segmentation showing that the factors that motivate tourists for leisure travel and tourism can be classified into two types that is the â€Å"push† and â€Å"pull† f actors (Mehmet 2011, p.153). ... Having a good analysis of the tourist motivation extends the theoretical and empirical evidence that shows that there is a casual relationship in the push and pull factors that motivate travel and tourism, the satisfaction, and destination loyalty (Yoon and Uysal 2005, pp.45-56). Motivation refers to the psychological, biological, social needs and wants including the internal or external forces that dictate how individuals are pushed by motivation variables to make decisions to travel and how they are pulled by the attributes of a particular destination. The â€Å"push† factors refer to the intangible, intrinsic desires of an individual traveller or the tourist, for example the desire to go for an adventure, rest or relaxation while the â€Å"pull† factors define the attractiveness of a particular destination and the tangible characteristics of the place, such as accommodation and recreational facilities it offers, cultural or historical attractions. Travel and tourism motivation involves many dimensions as tourists often have more than a single motive for choosing a particular destination, which may be dynamic or flexible in nature. Understanding the factors that motivate tourists to visit a particular destination and how it differs from others who choose a different destination is important as it may help those who plan and market tourism and travel products to set the relevant marketing strategies. It is also vital as it helps destinations to build strategies for marketing and differentiating its products and services from those that are in competition with it. In analysing the factors for motivation for tourism and travel, it is important that demographical

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio - Essay Example Hence, the nurse must try to convince Mrs. J about the severity of her (J’s) health status so as to end her smoking habit permanently and persuade her to take antihypertensive medications regularly. Cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, high or low BP, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension can intensify heart failure. In order to intervene in the coronary artery disease, the nurse can ask the patient to mark his/her pain level on a 0-10 scale. In addition, the nurse may encourage coughing and deep breathing. Medication can be effective for low/high BP. In case of cardiomyopathy, the nurse should place the patient in a position that eases the patient’s respiratory efforts. The nurse must also record intake and output of fluids. For people with pulmonary hypertension, the nurse should provide supplemental oxygen and more diuretics. The nurse can collect necessary information from the patient in order to obtain details of the patient’s past habits. Finally, the nurse should continuously monitor the patient once a new drug is

Jury Decision-making Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jury Decision-making - Case Study Example After the authenticity of DNA evidence had been proved, many judgements have been overturned and one such famous case is The Case of the Winchester Three, (1990) where three Irish people were sentenced for 25 years of imprisonment for the murder of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Tom King. Eye witnesses had spotted them in the crime scene and they had money, a second hand car, a radio, a woolly hat, a list of prominent British people and also had false name driving licences. Jury relied on eye witness evidence and any reasonable jury could do so and in this case it eventually proved to be a miscarriage of justice. Even though it was not Actus reus, it was easy to convince the jury. "An eyewitness who has no motive to lie is a powerful form of evidence for jurors, especially if the eyewitness appears to be highly confident about his or her recollection. In the absence of definitive proof to the contrary, the eyewitness's account is generally accepted by police, prosecutors, j udges, and juries" says Wells (2006). Wells and Loftus (1984, p. 1), mention the bewildering case of Robert Dillen, a freelance photographer, who was charged with indecent exposure for relieving himself in the park bushes, after ascertaining that the public lavatory was locked. Unfortunately, his photo was published and identified by many eye witnesses as the man who conducted rape, armed robbery, kidnapping etc. in various cases. Fortunately, his strong alibis and the weakness of eye witnesses convinced the jury otherwise, and he was released every time. This shows that people can feel convinced that they saw the accused and they are absolutely sure that even a lie test fails to point out. Psychological studies have proved that it is possible to convince a person that he has witnessed something that had never happened. A confluence of memory combined with complexly operating socially influential alternatives could be responsible in eye witnessing errors and courts should consider them from every angle. "The eight factors that have been shown to affect identification accuracy, disguise of robber, weapon focus, violence of robbery, retention interval, exposure, to mug shots, biased line-up instructions, line-up size, and fairness of the line-up, had trivial effects on probability ratings and on verdicts" Culter et al (1988). Sometimes eyewitness confidence and accuracy are very poorly related and the memory of the face that could go through changes in the mind of the witness, and this shows that vibrant psychological effects are behind eyewitness evidence. Cultler concludes one of his researches: "This research provides some justification for admitting expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. The juror apparently does not evaluate eyewitness memory in a manner consistent with psychological theory and findings." Cutler (1990). In one of his researches, Kassin concludes: "Clearly, participants distinguished between a voluntary and coerced confession. Yet at the same time, the presence of any confession powerfully increased the conviction rate-even when it was seen as coerced, even when

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio - Essay Example Hence, the nurse must try to convince Mrs. J about the severity of her (J’s) health status so as to end her smoking habit permanently and persuade her to take antihypertensive medications regularly. Cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, high or low BP, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension can intensify heart failure. In order to intervene in the coronary artery disease, the nurse can ask the patient to mark his/her pain level on a 0-10 scale. In addition, the nurse may encourage coughing and deep breathing. Medication can be effective for low/high BP. In case of cardiomyopathy, the nurse should place the patient in a position that eases the patient’s respiratory efforts. The nurse must also record intake and output of fluids. For people with pulmonary hypertension, the nurse should provide supplemental oxygen and more diuretics. The nurse can collect necessary information from the patient in order to obtain details of the patient’s past habits. Finally, the nurse should continuously monitor the patient once a new drug is

Geography writing assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Geography writing assignment - Research Paper Example Series of Quakes Rattles South West China, Killing at least 64† (McDonald) examined multiple occurrences of quakes and aftershocks within a 5.6 magnitude strength causing more damage to property, displacing 100,000 people and killing at least 64 civilians. In the month before that, the Reuters news agency reported â€Å"Two Earthquakes in Iran Kill 300 and injure 5,000† near the towns of Ahar, Varzaghan and Harees. (Torbati) Earthquakes are naturally occurring phenomena that are beyond human control. People can however initiate early warning systems to help them escape the rather deadly effects of the earthquakes. Faulting and earthquake effects that must be taken into consideration during planning and in design for the restitution of the coastal lands around the world are always overlooked. This should always include the construction as well as the maintenance of the coastal infrastructure. The continued shifting and adjustment of the plates has a dramatic effect on the landscape. These range from the development of large depressions on the surface caused by the subsidence and tilting of the land surfaces due to down throwing of adjacent fault blocks. The effects of all these are experienced both in the human-economic spheres as well as on the physical landscape. The huge geographical components of the Asian-Pacific region has worst cases of natural hazards occasioned by frequent earthquakes, eruptions, and yearly monsoons due to its relative position on the ‘Pacific ring of fire.’ Moreover, the region harbors the highest number of mega-cities with more than over 8million populace exposed to the effects of natural hazards. Foregoing research further suggests that developing countries are highly exposed to risks of natural disasters as opposed to developed nations. At the same time, the high number of natural disasters experienced along the Asian-Pacific region is largely attributed to urbanization, increased population pressure on natural resources and the

The Comparison of Automated and Manual Control System Essay Example for Free

The Comparison of Automated and Manual Control System Essay Nowadays, with the development of information technology, almost every company has involved in the widely used of computer technology to deal with their daily business transactions. From this point, the control framework has mainly divided into two basic categories: one is manual control which requires an operator to activate or deactivate the control device. Another is automated control which regulates the business activities without much human intervention (Protiviti, 2011). In this section, we discuss the benefits and shortcomings of these two methods and compare them. Automated control The standardized, computerised automated control system is no doubt a good choice in terms of the large companies. It can reduce the risk result from the external and internal influences so that the company can save the unnecessary cost (Protiviti, 2011). One of the examples is Nordic bank, which applies more than 5,000 internal and external controls in its processes that dealing with technology, operation and financial. The total yearly saving is about 2,905,000 (Dutta, A. amp; Dopp, D. , 2011). However, the limitation of automated control is also obvious. Because of the complexity of the application of this system, companies should take special training for personnel so that people know how to use it. This comprises a relatively high cost for the entity. Manual control The manual control system is most widely used in the small business because of its simplicity and great sense of control that gives to the business owner. This could be illustrated by using the example like grocery which only carries a small amount of business date to process. For simplicity, the owner can easily keep track with daily business transactions by using a manual system and there is no need for the owner to spend time and money to learn the complex software. Furthermore, the manual control system is also likely to give the business owner an impression that every transaction is in control. Instead of using computer to deal with the orders, the owner could manage the process on his own (Carr, J. amp; Cohen, G. ,2008).. However, the disadvantages of manual control can also be obvious. Firstly, it may require massive labour force to maintain. It may needs continuous monitoring to make sure that the inventory is sufficient and every transaction has been correctly recorded. Secondly, human errors are unavoidable as the system relied heavily on the actions of people. As a consequence, additional cost is likely to happen in the proc essing of correcting (Carr, J. amp; Cohen, G. ,2008). Recommendations From the analysis above, it shows that both manual and automated control has advantages and disadvantages but they achieve the same goal. It’s almost impossible to decide which one is prior to the other. It depends on the scale of the business to choose the proper size. Small and medium businesses may prefer manual control due to its limited cost and simplicity. However, large corporations is likely to apply automated control system, which is more efficiency and helpful to minimize mistakes made by operators.

The Use Of Information Technology In Airline Industry Management Essay

The Use Of Information Technology In Airline Industry Management Essay As the airline industry has become more competitive, carriers have looked to improve performance and competitiveness. MartÄ ±n-Consuegra (2007) In previous chapters we investigate Time Series analysis of airlines industry and estimated the service separately and jointly. Aksoy(2003) argue that in service industries such as airlines, a major requirement for success is understanding and satisfying customer needs and expectations, creating, communicating and delivering customer value. Thus in this Chapter we check our SITA data includes evolution of self-service, along with the rise of mobile technology, which will increase workforce efficiency and enhance passenger processing. IT implementation research in airlines structure. The reinforcement of e-business activity in airlines has resulted in an increase of sales volume for airlines websites and a decrease for the traditional distribution channels. Moon (2006) In this segment we analyze SITA data includes evolution of self-service, along with the rise of mobile technology, which increases workforce efficiency and enhance passenger processing. Airline Business(2009) The data describes IT implementation between 2001 till 2009 alike our IATA research time investigation. IT and Telecommunication Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautiques (SITA) data base enables us to investigate the policy and IT trends of Airlines. We use SITA data bank provides a benchmark against which individual airlines and the industry as a whole can measure success in meeting the challenges presented by IT and internet revolution. SITA is multinational information Technology Company specializing in providing IT and telecommunication services to the Aviation Industry, and it is most comprehensive research of its kind. Table 5.1 Airlines IT and telecommunication spend  [1]   Year Average Weighted average 2009 1.75% 1.74% 2008 2.20% 2.18% 2007 1.95% 2.07% 2006 1.85% 2.19% 2005 1.92% 2.27% 2004 2.13% 2.47% 2003 2.36% 2.85% 2002 2.25% 2.59% 2001 2.82% 3.44% Above Table 5.1 indicates IT and telecommunication spend as a percentage of 116 airlines revenue. We presume that much of the first nine years of 21st century spent on IT trends to decrease revenue percent assign for new technology investment. In 2001 the weighted average spent for IT was almost two times bigger than in 2009. The reason for this are: rising fuel prices, financial crisis, terrorist attacks and other important factors often caused changes in forecast of industry financial performance. Instead of the expected profit, Air Transport Association of America (ATA), an organization connected with the largest airlines in the U.S., announced that in March 2009 due to financial crisis passenger traffic was 10% lower than a year before. Thus, our main research questions goal is to investigate the problems faced by the airline industry, and try to find optimal solutions on how international air transportation system can cope with 21century watershed. Nowadays, IT technology deals mainly with passenger transportation support, and goods transportation is somewhat neglected. To reveal strong connection between IT technology investment and development of airline companies we expose Figure 5.1 indicates Average of Passenger transportation of main 160 airlines for the same period as in table 5.1 between January 2001 and April 2009. Between Feb2001 and Feb2002 during terrorist attack effect compared with the Average Passenger Transportation issue perspective, RPK shrunk by 180000 (A ). At the same time Airlines IT and telecommunication spend diminished by o.85%. Moreover, during 12 months of Financial A B Figure 5.1 Terrorist attack and Financial Crisis effect for Average Passenger Transportation of 160 major airlines Source: IATA 2009 airlines data reported by carriers at the time of publication. (SAS)  [2]   Crisis between Feb2008 and Feb2009 Average Passenger Transportation decreased by B=80000 RPK. Similarly, in 2009 airlines IT and telecommunication spend 0.44% les of weighted Average than in 2008. That implies that annual revenue Passenger kilometers significantly impacts Airlines IT and telecommunication expenditure. After FC and another budget inconstancy main managers of air transportation companies are more reluctant to invest in Information Technology systems. The main obstacle to improve IT structure and solutions is lack of investment caused by financial instability. Nevertheless we argue that New Technology outlay is going to bring a profit for air companies and makes them more rival at the market. Pagiavlas et al. (2005) in his paper analyzes mobile business in the context of the airline industry as a strategic tool to create a sustainable competitive advantage through the implementation of an effective mobile business model. Nowadays, after reaching around 4.6 billion mobil e cellular subscriptions by the end of 2009, International Telecommunication Union expects the number of mobile cellular subscriptions globally to reach five billion in 2010, driven by advanced services and handsets in developed countries and increased take-up of mobile health services and mobile banking in the developing world. ITU (2010) New technology of mobile phone check-in, e-ticketing, online or wireless connectivity on-board of the aircraft is becoming popular and common offering to airlines passengers self service. Wei (2005) argues that through the expanded use of the internet-based ticketing, airlines are able to reduce labor costs and in some cases eliminate commissions altogether so as to improve profit margins. Hence, main international organizations involve in business programs to lover industry costs and improve Passenger mobile based services. Figure 5.2 Mobile based services to passengers own mobile phones  [3]   Compared with other mobile services issue perspectives in the Figure 5.1 the best developed system already exists in third airlines inform passengers about flight status and delay. Furthermore, optimised webside for mobile phones and payments via mobile phone systems are implemented by every 6th Passenger Transportation company. In contrast, 73% of Airlines has not sent baggage receipts to mobile phones yet, and 71% has not track/direct passengers at the airports with mobile phones. Nevertheless, plans for next two years position majority of responding airlines in the utilization mobile based service area close to the level of 50%. Nothwithstanding, in 2004 International Air Transport Associations set up Simplifying the Business program (StB). Thus, Bar Coded Boarding Passes (BCBP), IATA e-freight, Baggage Improvement and other programs and facilities are available. In the future Fast Travel Program which consists of four projects that the association says will save the airline indus try over US$14 billion each year. IATA(2009) Therefore, in this segment we conclude our analysis of airlines performance and investigate IT investment effects on the profitability, their growth and survival. Since the tragedy in September 2001, the network or legacy carriers have sought ways to improve business values and minimize losses by cutting jobs, eliminating routes, decreasing infrastructure, streamlining production costs, improving customer services, and creating Figure 5.2 Major IT successes in 2009. Source: SITA (2009) a profitable market Will(2004). One of the most effective solutions for increasing business values attracting more customers, and increasing customer satisfaction is to provide Internet-based low-fare air travel tickets Marks (2004), i.e. to sell low-fare air travel tickets and expedite boarding processes through company web sites. Figure 5.2 indicates 2009 IT implementation success of upgrading virtual infrastructure, self service implementation, and on/offline distributions upgrade. Currently, many airlines are utilizing Enterprise Resources Planning systems (ERP) and their own web sites to market and sell their products to current and potential customers. Some airlines also offer discounts to customers who purchase their tickets online Hanke (2003). The main IT success in 2009 was 11% level of E-ticketing implementation, and 9% upgrading of Reservation Inventory System but across the world, 38% of airlines do not provide any mobile services yet, mainly via cellular phones. Hence, as a reason they claim that there is no clear business case yet, although 20 percent currently offer mobile phone check-in. SITA(2009) In Asia current number of issued boarding passes is sent directly to mobile phones as barcoded boarding passes (BCBP) to every third passenger, and it is the best result before Europe (23%) and North America (22%). Figure 5.2 major IT failures of the last 12 months. Source: SITA (2009) Through the expanded use of the internet-based ticketing, airlines are able to reduce labor costs and in some cases eliminate commissions altogether so as to improve profit margins. Wei (2005) Nevertheless, from the perspective of major failures of the last 12 months Figure 5.3 has identified a number of factors that determine adoption problems for IT implementation. Above figure reveals that biggest failure in the last year was implementation delay. Additionally, IT technology infrastructure and virtualization was unable to be upgraded with significant failure value of 9%. Compared regulation compliance, self service implementation and Sourcing of IT providers achieved the same 1% level. Conclusions Airlines representatives due to last financial crisis are much less optimistic in 2009 about their future IT spend. Thus, managers of air transportation companies look for savings in decreasing expenditure and developing passenger self service processes. The main obstacle to improve IT structure and solutions is lack of investment caused by financial instability. In general, as a result airlines market seen of most potential to reduce costs as via own website in through adding additional products. Mobile based services most likely already implemented to passengers own mobile devices are most likely to be notifications of flight status and delays. SITA (2009) argue that around 5% in their sample respondents currently send BCBP to mobile phones (although three quarters do not offers this facility) with 13%anticipating checking in 2012 (with 18% not offering this facility). Eventually, services most likely to be implemented currently to support on board aircraft are to enable to exchang e data and authorized credit card transactions in real time. Eventually, IATA Simplifying the Business (STB) passenger process project accomplished its e-ticket program on June 1, 2008. STB rebuilt the airline industry to 100% e-ticketing during four years. Finally, air transportation companies industry saved the US$3 billion, according to the association. The Economist (2010). Sprawdz to! http://www.iata.org/html_email/NS1001812/NS1001812-full.html

What Heidegger Wishes To Transcend: Metaphysics Or Nietzsche :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

What Heidegger Wishes To Transcend: Metaphysics Or Nietzsche ABSTRACT: In this paper, I shall focus first on Heidegger's attempt to tackle the problem of 'metaphysics' and his wish to transcend it. Then, I shall try to evaluate his thoughts about transcending metaphysics in connection with his interpretation of Nietzsche's anthropology, which he considers to be the highest achievement in metaphysics. In my presentation today I shall focus first on Heidegger's attempt to tackle the problem of "metaphysics" and his wish to transcend it. Then I shall try to evaluate his thoughts about transcending metaphysics in connection with his interpretation of Nietzsche's anthropology which he considers to be the top achievement of metaphysics. At the beginning of his main work Being and Time Heidegger has made clear that his aim in writing it, was to deal with the meaning of Being in a concrete way and posed the question of Being as the primary question of philosophy today. Therefore it would be useful, as a first step, to take a look at the main reason which has led Heidegger to this assumption and consequently to the inquiry into the meaning of Being. Heidegger asks the question of the meaning of Being with respect to a fact which, to his mind, characterizes our times and which he calls "homelessness". This fact is due to "the oblivion of Being", as a result of which Being "has abandoned us". (1) The basic problem that worries Heidegger is related just to the recognition of this fact. He maintains that although Being has been investigated since ancient times in different periods, it has not yet been elucidated, because the question about the meaning of Being has been neglected. (2) Due to this negligence of the meaning of Being, man has lost almost all his connections with Being and lives now in a technical, artificial world: man has lost his "ground", he is "homeless" . (3) Heidegger tries to find a way to help man to transcend this homelessness, which he considers to be dangerous for the present and the future of the human being. This is the reason why Heidegger, already in 1929, asks the question of "what is metaphysics?". He thinks that this question itself can open the way he is looking for, because it plays a very important role in putting the question of Being correctly and in settling the problem of homelessness of the human being.

Why the Death Penalty Should Be Terminated Essay -- The Case Against C

     Ã‚  Ã‚   "Death is a unique punishment in the United States. In a society that so strongly affirms the sanctity of life, not surprisingly the common view is that death is the ultimate sanction... There has been no national debate about punishment in general or by imprisonment, comparable to the debate about the punishment of death" (Brennan).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, the issue of capital punishment is one that has been widely debated and for which many persuasive arguments of distinctly opposing viewpoints are available. The issue at hand is and always has been about whether or not we, as a society, should presume to enforce a penalty that by definition irrevocably extinguishes the existence of another autonomous human being. Is it a responsible and mature decision to implement a penalty of such resounding finality merely because the convicted offender has been found to be guilty "beyond a reasonable doubt?" It has long been argued that an appropriate term of imprisonment should be the maximum available penalty for a violent offense. This argument has been supported by the fact that our legal system, though highly evolved and altogether expedient, is far from infallible, and in recognition of this the penalties imposed under it should be both reversible and humane. The imposition of the penalty of death should no longer b e exercised in the United States of America. A socially mature and morally established country should refrain from taking the lives of any of its citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The death penalty is indefensible on three distinct and specific grounds: pragmatic, legal, and moral. The penalty of death is not economically efficient, and is indeed a drain upon the financial resources of our country. Also, it can be proven that the death ... ...alty-share-lower.html Brennan, William. "Concurring Opinion: Furman v. Georgia." No. 69-5003 Supreme Court Of The United States 29 June 1972. Web. 20 May 2015. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/408/238 Linehan, Elizabeth A. "Executing the Innocent." Web. 17 May 2015. https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Huma/HumaLine.htm Marshall, Thurgood. "Concurring Opinion: Furman v. Georgia." No. 69-5003 Supreme Court Of The United States 29 June 1972 Web. 20 May 2015. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/408/238 Prejean, Helen. Dead Man Walking. New York: Vintage, 1994. Scheck, Barry, Peter Neufeld, and Jim Dwyer. Actual Innocence. New York: Doubleday, 2000. Sherrill, Robert. "Death Trip; The American Way Of Execution." Nation 8 Jan. 2000. Web. 26 May 2015. http://www.thenation.com/article/death-trip-american-way-execution#

Ethical Issues Involved in Non-Admittance of Financially Incapable Clients Essay

Running a service-oriented business is never easy. One has to deal with a lot of things and consider a lot of factors in order to manage the business effectively. Policies are always set for the purpose of achieving the goals of the company and at the same time, adhering to the laws of the state and contributing to the common good. Being a case manager requires knowledgeable field and relevant experience to resolve issues concerning the benefits of the clients and the company as well. A health center has the responsibility to meet the needs of its patients. Sometimes, it has to impose policies that are against the existing ones to ensure the survival and growth of the center as a business entity. The clients are needed to be carefully informed of these policies and rules because they are the ones who are directly affected when these policies take into effect. As for the ethical issues involved in the problem of a certain dialysis center, the situation calls for adherence to the set policy rules of the company, concurrently, to the ethical standards of human services professionals as is quoted from the National Organization for Human Services (2007): Human service professionals provide services without discrimination or preference based on age, ethnicity, culture, race, disability, gender, religion, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status. As a health care provider, the company must admit patients without discrimination based on different aspects. This may be suitable for health centers which are not yet in the brink of bankruptcy or closure. If the center is at a high risk of shutting down in the near future because it lacks budget and the expenses are exaggeratingly greater than the income, then non-admittance of patients who are not financially capable may be justifiable for the economic survival of the business. As a health care provider of a hemodialysis center which advocates for the patients’ needs, the best thing to do is to cut down the patients’ 3 times a week visits to once or twice a week, depending on how much they can pay. Firstly, the company must check the benefits of the insurance to cover the expenses that may be incurred, and allocate these benefits to the whole health program. The company may also offer the patients financial help through different government agencies so they can still continue with their hemodialysis. Transportation to and from other government dialysis centers may also be offered for a discounted cost or, if the company can handle it, it can be offered for free to those who are in dire need of treatment in order to sustain life even longer. A health care organization may contradict its code of ethics if the economic status and the future of the company are put at a high risk. The company may choose to impose policies that may be unacceptable to the clients but are just and reasonable for the welfare of the company. It is also reasonable for a health care professional to refuse the admittance of a certain patient having an infectious disease that will later cause severe damage to other patients’ condition, let alone cause loss of lives. In this case, the company may offer help by means of referring the client to other health care organizations specializing in that kind of disease.

Research and the Sciences Essay

There has long been an ongoing argument: Is social science scientific? Which approach is better in conducting natural sciences and social sciences? It is believed that ‘hypothetico-deductive’ approach may be applicable to the natural sciences while it does not relate well to the social sciences. By analyzing research from different levels, this essay presents a judgment that social sciences are sciences. First of all, the concept of research and science are given. Secondly, by accepting that social sciences are different from natural sciences, the features that identify social sciences from natural sciences are summarized. There are many choices of approaches to conduct research. In the level of philosophy, research approaches could go to inductive approach and deductive approach. Qualitative research and quantitative research distinguish each other methodologically. In this essay, the different approaches are compared and contrasted after a concise interpretation of the se concepts. And finally, the question better approach to research in natural sciences and social sciences is considered. Research is defined by Join and Keith as seeking through methodical process to add one’s knowledge and, hopefully to others by the discovery of nontrivial and insight (Join and Keith, 1996). Williams defined science as the ensemble of knowledge and practices that best reflect and operationalize a critical attitude to the discovery of the world at that moment in time (Williams, 2000 p.26). Basically, sciences can be divided into social sciences and natural sciences. Social sciences study human being and their behavior, while natural sciences study physical world. The presupposition that natural science is the benchmark of research, in some degree, accounts for why most people associate the word ‘research’ with activities that are substantially removed from daily life and which usually take place in a laboratory. And accordingly arises the doubt whether social science is science. A good deal of overlap and unavoidable duplication will be encountered if any attempt is made to review social sciences and natural sciences  systematically (McErlean, 2000). Yet there are still some typical features in which social sciences are different from nature sciences. Historically and perhaps intuitively, the â€Å"natural† and the â€Å"social† sciences have been identified by distinct subject matters: Natural science is a branch of science which deals with the physical world (Pearsall, 1999 P.950), while social science is the scientific study of human society and social relationships (Pearsall, 1999 p.1362). Invariability of observations is different in two kinds of sciences. The difference lies probably in the number of relevant factors that must be taken into account for explaining or predicting events in the real world(McErlean, 2000). It is agreed that verification is not easy to come by in the social sciences, while it is the chief business in the natural sciences. Measurability of phenomena, whereas physics is clearly ahead of all other disciplines. Natural sciences have got constancy of numerical relationship which social sciences has not got. The social sciences deal so close to a man’s own everyday experience that they do not accord the respect as natural sciences. The field of natural sciences needs higher standards of admission and requirements than the social sciences. On this score, the natural sciences are better than the social sciences (McErlean, 2000). Since social sciences differ from natural sciences in many ways, should different approaches be chosen when conducing social science research and natural sciences? This is another baffling question. Now we will turn to the discussion of deduction and induction. Philosophically the approaches are focused on the consideration of induction and deduction, as well as the relationship between approaches and sciences. Deduction entails the development of a conceptual and theoretical structure prior to its testing through empirical research methods. (Carson et al, 2001 p.11). Induction is the action or process of inducing something (Pearsall, 1999). It is learning by reflecting upon particular past experiences and through the formulation of abstract concepts, theories and generalizations that explain past and predict future experience (Gill and Johnson, 2002). Induction and deduction approaches are different in many aspects. They are best used in different stages of Learning Cycle. When learning takes place, the difference between deductive and inductive approach is that one starts  with theory which tested through observation while the other starts with observation and tries to create theory (Gill and Johnson, 2002). Localization of Induction differs from that of deduction (Carson et al, 2001 P12). Induction might prevent the researcher benefiting from existing theory, while deduction might prevent the development of new and useful theory. In contrast to the deductive tradition, theory is the outcome of induction (Carson et al, 2001 P12). The time needed for induction is often prolonged than deduction B Deductive research is normally possible to predict accurately the time schedules, it is quicker to complete, though the time must be devoted to set up the study prior to data collection and analysis. Deduction and induction carry unequal risk. The deductive approach can be a lower-risk strategy, albeit there are risks like the non-return of questionnaires. With induction it is quite possible that no useful data patterns and theory will not emerge. The effect of deduction or induction is relevant to the ability of researcher. The way one thinks about the development of knowledge affects, unwittingly, the way he goes about doing research (Saunders et al, 2000). So it is more appropriate to adopt the inductive approach if the researcher is particularly interested in understanding why something is happening rather than describe what is happening, Inductive designs begin with specific observations and build toward general patterns. This is different to the hypothetical-deductive approach of experimental designs that require the specification of main variables and the statement of specific research hypotheses before data collection begins (Pattern, 1987). Saunders et al (2000) has shown the main differences between deductive and inductive approaches as can be seen in diagram 1. The blending of Induction and Deduction are preferable in conducting a research. In deductive argument, conclusion follows logically from the premises, while inductive argument, in which the premises support the conclusion but do not guarantee it (Rosenberg, 2000). It seems that deductive is more impressive than inductive. Not only because it is more highly structured and more appropriate for people who are inexperienced in research matters but also because it is the basis of much knowledge that  they do have of the subject (Walley, 2002), But the two approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are â€Å"better† at doing different things. So the balance of both approaches in the same research project is preferable. Not only is it perfectly possible to combine approaches with the same piece of research, but also in human being’s experience it is often advantageous to do so (Saunders et al, 2000). For example: Sadie decided to conduct a research project on violence at work and its effects on the stress levels of staff. She considered the different ways she would approach the work were she to adopt, the deductive approach and the inductive approach. If she decided to adopt a deductive approach, She should standardize the stress responses of the staff. On the other hand, if she decided to adopt an inductive approach she may have decided to interview some staffs who had been subjected to violence at work. She may have been interested in their feelings about the events that they had experienced, how they coped with the problems they experienced and their views about the possible causes of the violence (Saunders et al, 2000). In order to gain more comprehensive results, it is better to combine both approaches. Diagram 1 Emphasizes of Deduction and Induction Deduction emphasizesInduction emphasizes Scientific principlesGaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events From theory to dataFrom observation to theory The collection of quantitative dataThe collection of qualitative data The application of controls to ensure validity of dataResearcher is part of the research process Ensure clarity of definitionLess need generalize Highly structured approachMore flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis Researcher independence of what is being researchedDependent researcher Select samples of sufficient size Saunders et al (2000 p.91) Researcher may use a variety of methodology to conduct research. It is said that the concept of induction often is applied to qualitative research (Strauss and Corbin, 1998 p.136) while deduction is applied to quantitative research. Qualitative research is so called because its emphasis lies in producing data which is rich in insight, understanding, explanation and depth of information, but which cannot be justified statistically (Crouch, 1985). Qualitative research usually produces descriptions, explanations and reasons (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). It seeks to answer ‘how’ and ‘why’ type questions (Walley, 1995). The strengths of qualitative research derive from its inductive approach, its focus on specific situations or people, and its emphasis on words rather than numbers (Maxwell, 1996). It may involve statistics but it is not based on statistical significance. It is characterized by the use of group discussions, personal interviews, projective techniques and non-probability sampling (Walley, 1995) .The usefulness of qualitative research depends very much on the skills of the researcher (Gill and Johnson, 2002). Qualitative methods are particularly oriented toward exploration, discovery, and inductive logic. Walley (2002) cited Proctor (1997) as Quantitative research that primarily research concerned with eliciting information which has statistical significance. Its focus is on quantification of phenomena sampling and large scales postal questionnaires. The quantitative data identify areas of focus whist the qualitative data give substance to those areas of focus. Whereas qualitative data can put flesh on the bones of quantitative results, brining the results to life through in-depth case elaborations (Patton, 1987). The patterns displayed in quantitative research can be enriched with the addition of qualitative information (Gill and Johnson, 2002). The  qualitative should direct the quantitative feedback into the qualitative in a circular (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). Thus, recent developments in the evaluation profession have led to multiple methods including combinations of qualitative and quantitative data. Some evaluation questions are determined deductively while others are left sufficiently open to permit inductive analyses based on direct observations. Indeed, there is often a flow from inductive approaches to find out what the important questions and variables are, to deductive hypotheses-testing aimed at confirming exploratory findings, then back again to inductive analysis to look for rival hypotheses and unanticipated or unmeasured factors (Patton, 1987). Sayre believed that: qualitative methods are chosed because of its emphasis on progresses and meanings while quantitative methods are utilized because they substantiate. Actually both methodologies are combined to provide a comprehensive approach to problem solving (Sayre, 2001). The relation between qualitative research and quantitative research are clearly showed below in the diagram 2. Diagram 2 qualitative research and quantitative research Qualitative researchQuantitative research Type of questions ProbingNon-probing Sample sizeSmallLarge Information per respondentMuchVaries AdministrationRequires interviewer with special skillsFewer special skills required Type of analysisSubjective, interpretativeStatistical Hardware requiredTape recorders, projection devices, discussion guides replicationDifficultEasy Researcher training necessaryPsychology, sociology, social psychology, consumer behaviour, marketing, marketing research Statistics, decision models. decision-support systems, computer programming, marketing, marketing research Type of researchexploratoryDescriptive or causal Proctor (2000) In conclusion, the differences between social sciences and natural sciences have been discussed, and the approaches and methods used in conducting both sciences have been compared and contrasted. Social sciences and natural sciences are fundamentally different in many ways, yet social sciences are, beyond all doubt, scientific too. From the view of philosophy, there are inductive research and deductive research. The deductive approach is probably more impressive. Methodologically quantitative research differs from qualitative research. Each approach has its unique advantages and disadvantages. It would be easy to fall into the trap of thinking that one research approach is â€Å"better† than another. Actually they are better in different situations, depending on where the research emphasis lies. It is encouraged to think in a more flexible way about the research approaches and methods adopted. Yet the best policy in conducting research is to blend approaches. So, it is clear that social sciences are sciences likewise as natural sciences. Adopted appropriately, the methodological approach of natural science can be used to study the social world (Williams, 2000). One approach cannot therefore be considered to be better than another in conducting  research in both natural sciences and social sciences. So it is high time to stop arguing about whether social sciences are science or not. Alternatively, to consider which approach is preferable or how to blend them together is what deserves thinking when a research is conducted. Reference Bancroft, G and O’sullivan, G.(1993)Quantitative Methods For Accounting and Business Studies .3rded.Berkshire:McGRAW-HILL Book Company Europe. Carson, D.; Gilmore, A.; Perry, C.; Gronhang, K(2001)Qualitative Marketing Research. London: Sage publications. Gill, J. and Johnson, P.(2002)Research methods for managers .3rd.ed.London:Sage Publications Ltd Greenfield, T.(2002).Research Methods For Postgraduates. 2nded. London: Arnold. Sharp, J. A. and Howard, K (1996). The Management of a Student Research Project 2nd.ed Aldershot:Gower Publishing Limited. Maxwell, J.A. (1996)Qualitative Research Design-an interactive approach. London: Sage Publications Mcerlean, J.(2000).Philosophy of Science-From Foundations to Contemporary Issues. London: Routledge. Papineau, D.eds.(1996).The Philosophy of Science Oxford: Oxford University Press. Patton, M .Q (1987). How To Use Qualitative Methods In Evaluation. London: Sage Publications Pearsall, J. eds.(1999).Oxford dictionary. Oxford :Oxford university press. Proctor, T. (2000)Essentials of Marketing Research.2nd.ed.London:Financial Times prentice Hall Robson, S. and Foster, A. (1989) Qualitative Research in Action London: Great Britain. Rosenberg, A.(2000).Philosophy of Science:Acontemporary Introduction.London:Routledge. Saunders, M; Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2000). Research Methods for Business Students. 2nd.ed Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Sayre, S. (2001) Qualitative methods for Marketplace Research. London: Sage publications. Strauss, A and Corbin, J. (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Walley, K. (1995) Qualitative Research-Discussion Paper. Newport: Harper Adams Agricultural College. Walley, K. (2002) Research Methods For The Agrifood Industry. Newport: Harper Adams University College. Williams, M. (2000).Science and social science-An introduction. London: Routledge.

Topic is the Vietnam war. The main thrust of your comment will be from Essay

Topic is the Vietnam war. The main thrust of your comment will be from the view point of the aggressor. For example, if WWII - Essay Example Ho Chi Minh being a communist and an aggressor, he started guerilla violence in opposition to the Japanese with the sustainability of the United States of America. Towards the end of the war, the Japanese began promoting the Vietnamese patriotism and in the end approved the country's ostensible independence. According to Caputo, in the subsequent years the Japanese were defeated and the French returned to occupy their colony (287). Viet Minh singly accepted their access into Vietnam after being assured that the country was to be granted independence as part of an agreement with the French union. However, negotiations broke down between the two warring factions and in December 1946, the French soldiers’ surrounded the city of Haiphong and compulsorily got back the capital city Hanoi. These events started the clash between the Viet Minh and the French, which resulted in the Indochina War. The French soldiers were at last defeated at Dien Bien Phu in the year 1954 (Karnow 501). D owns further illustrates that in the beginning, the United States of America had no interest in Southeast Asia and Vietnam (211). Nevertheless, it became obvious that after the World War II the globe would be subjugated by the United States of America and its allies. The Soviet Union together with its allies was at the opposite side of the fence. This isolated the communist movements as a strategy for their success. These concerns were in the end converted into the principle of domino theory; the only remaining option of containing the communist tendencies is to close them within their borders. Tonsenic asserts that these trends continued dominating the United States foreign policy for a long time (165). In 1950, to stop the spread of communism, the U.S began supplying weapons to the French military in Vietnam and financially assisting the French troops. This was meant to dismantle the Viet Minh; these operations continued into the year 1956, when highly trained advisors provided co aching facilities to the army of the newly established Republic of South Vietnam. In spite of their excellent hard work, the army of the republic of Vietnam was poorly equipped and, therefore, ineffective throughout its existence. Karnow shows how the US continued supporting the Diem regime as it battled against Ho Chi Minh’s Marxist military aggressors in the north (624). In the year 1957, a small guerrilla pressure group began to come forward in the south, led by Viet Minh’s soldiers that had not come back from the north after the accords. In 1959, these groups fruitfully pressured Ho’s administration into issuing an undisclosed resolution requesting for an equipped struggle in the south. Military personnel along with the Ho Chi Minh group began supplying weapons and troops into the south. The subsequent year, National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam began in earnest to carry on the fight (Downs 167-168). The situation continued to deteriorate in Sou th Vietnam, worsened by the corrupt regime of Diem government and the Viet Cong continued encroachment. In 1961, the Kennedy administration agreed to pump more aid, weapons, and additional financial support to the rebels. Washington had begun deliberations to force a government transformation in Saigon. In November 2, 1963, the Criminal Investigation Agency CIA of the US assisted the rebels to remove the Diem government from power. In order to mitigate the post coup d'etat chaos, President Kennedy enlarged the number of US soldiers in South Vietnam to

Americans share the basic beliefs that comprise American political Essay

Americans share the basic beliefs that comprise American political culture yet disagree on many issues along the lines of class, race, gender, and religion - Essay Example It is wrong to discriminate or victimize a person due to their opposing or different cultural orientations. On the contrary this should be used to enhance unity in the nation. Differences in race have been the cause of serious chaos and fights with certain races having been treated as inferior over the others. The fight against racism has yielded well and in the recent past the charges for racial prejudice are quite high. Religious tolerance is witnessed in many parts of the world although there has been serious conflict between Muslims and Christians in some parts of the world e.g. Nigeria. Americans vote along established political lines that have been drawn over the years. Candidates running for the prime positions such as the president have always tried to align their quest and bid to rule the land with the established political cultures so they can reap abundantly and gunner the needed votes. What is funny is that despite people in the United States have differences that range from gender, race, religion and culture but when it comes to elections they always vote in a certain manner that can be predicted easily by political analysts. This paper will therefore look deeply at the factors that are considered in the voting systems in the US and the aspects of unity and thinking that bind the people in the society. The people who vote have interests which are common and the problems that they face in the society are closely the same regardless of the racial, religious or cultural differences that they may be having. This can literally explain the reason why they will form a certain voting culture that can be used to determine how they can vote in an election. During election, the Americans will use their democratic rights and since they are not bound by any law to vote for a certain candidate they will choose their preferred one. However, after analyzing the voting trends the voting must align to a certain trend. This trend is a representation of the